I think this is great working document. I'm going to comment on Health and Safety Issues: Poisoning on page 11.
Originally Posted by: John Barleycorn One of the most prevalent misconceptions about homemade spirits is the notion that they can cause
blindness or even death. The misconception is largely due to a practice commonly employed by
prohibition era moonshiners and bootleggers: that of adding methanol (methyl alcohol) to previously
distilled spirits. This nefarious practice was used to increase profits by increasing the volume of illicit
spirits with the much less expensive and widely available methanol.
You are correct with the practice of "adulteration" of distilled spirits to make more out of a little...i.e., they added ingredients to expand the quantity. This adulteration was done, as you pointed out, with ingredients that could cause illness or death (and, in some cases, blindness). There is a book, entitled "Bad Whisky" by Edward Burns, published in 1995 and written from old newspaper reports in Scotland about the adulteration of Scottish whisky.
However, I don't think this would be the issue because the home distiller would be striving for quality (especially, since he is his own market) and the last thing he wants to do is make himself sick. I think the real potential for poisoning is the different types of alcohol that fermentation produces.
The oldest method of producing whiskey is simply to ferment and distill grain. However, this process produces poisonous impurities, called fusel alcohols (also called fusel oils), along with the ethyl alcohol. Fusel alcohols are a mixture of several alcohols (chiefly amyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol) produced as a by-product of alcoholic fermentation. The word "fusel" is German for "bad liquor". In the alcohol industry, fusel alcohols are known as congeners. Congeners are responsible for most of the taste and aroma of distilled alcoholic beverages.
During distillation, fusel alcohols are concentrated in the feints or "tails" at the end of the distillation run. The fusel alcohols have an oily consistency, which is noticeable to the distiller, hence the other name "fusel oil". When using a pot still, the distiller will make the "cuts" with the final distillation and separate the "heads" and "tails" (i.e., the "bad”
from the "hearts" (i.e., the "good”
. These heavier alcohols can be almost completely separated in a reflux still without making "cuts". So, the key is for the home distiller to understand the different types of alcohol he is producing and knowing how to separate the good from the bad.
My understanding is that the moonshiners, using a pot still, made a single distillation spirit and, for the most part, didn't make the "cuts" and, therefore, the bad stuff was in the Mason jar - and some people got sick (and some went blind).
I'm not sure if this tracks with the intent of your section on poisoning in your working paper but those are my thoughts.